Introduction:

Michelle A. James and Peter F. Armstrong

Introduction: The Science and the Surgery of Congenital Upper-Limb Malformations
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(Supplement 4):1-2. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Rights and Permissions]  

Classification of Upper-Limb Malformations:

Paul R. Manske and Kerby C. Oberg

Classification and Developmental Biology of Congenital Anomalies of the Hand and Upper Extremity
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(Supplement 4):3-18. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Rights and Permissions]  

Upper-Limb Evolution and Development:

Amy L. Ladd

Upper-Limb Evolution and Development: Skeletons in the Closet. Congenital Anomalies and Evolution's Template
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(Supplement 4):19-25. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Rights and Permissions]  

Mary W. Marzke

Upper-Limb Evolution and Development
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(Supplement 4):26-30. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Rights and Permissions]  

Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment:

Donald S. Bae, Carol E. Barnewolt, and Russell W. Jennings

Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Differences of the Hand and Upper Limb
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(Supplement 4):31-39. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Rights and Permissions]  

Arthrogryposis:

Michael Bamshad, Ann E. Van Heest, and David Pleasure

Arthrogryposis: A Review and Update
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(Supplement 4):40-46. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Rights and Permissions]  

Unregulated Growth:

Karen Lyons and Marybeth Ezaki

Molecular Regulation of Limb Growth
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(Supplement 4):47-52. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Rights and Permissions]  

Mario I. Romero-Ortega and Marybeth Ezaki

Nerve Pathology in Unregulated Limb Growth
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(Supplement 4):53-57. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Rights and Permissions]  

Multiple Hereditary Exostoses:

Linda J. Sandell

Multiple Hereditary Exostosis, EXT Genes, and Skeletal Development
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(Supplement 4):58-62. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Rights and Permissions]  

Benjamin A. Alman

Multiple Hereditary Exostosis and Hedgehog Signaling: Implications for Novel Therapies
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(Supplement 4):63-67. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Rights and Permissions]  

Congenital Constriction Band Syndrome:

Charles A. Goldfarb, Achara Sathienkijkanchai, and Nathaniel H. Robin

Amniotic Constriction Band: A Multidisciplinary Assessment of Etiology and Clinical Presentation
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(Supplement 4):68-75. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Rights and Permissions]  

Radial Deficiency:

Yingzi Yang and Scott H. Kozin

Cell Signaling Regulation of Vertebrate Limb Growth and Patterning
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(Supplement 4):76-80. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Rights and Permissions]  

Esther de Graaff and Scott H. Kozin

Genetics of Radial Deficiencies
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(Supplement 4):81-86. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Rights and Permissions]  

Transverse Deficiency:

Peter Bannerman and Michelle A. James

Molecular Mechanisms to Improve Nerve Regeneration Following Damage to the Immature Peripheral Nervous System
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(Supplement 4):87-89. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Rights and Permissions]  

Akira Satoh, Michelle A. James, and David M. Gardiner

The Role of Nerve Signaling in Limb Genesis and Agenesis During Axolotl Limb Regeneration
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(Supplement 4):90-98. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Rights and Permissions]  

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