The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American). 2009;91:87-100.
doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00613
© 2009 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
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Management of Orthopaedic Sequelae of Congenital Spinal Disorders

Michael Akbar, MD1, Bjoern Bresch, MD1, Thorsten M. Seyler, MD2, Wolfram Wenz, MD1, Thomas Bruckner, PhD3, Rainer Abel, MD1 and Claus Carstens, MD1

1 Division of Spinal Cord Injury and Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200A, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany. E-mail address for M. Akbar: michael.akbar@ok.uni-heidelberg.de
2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1070
3 Department of Medical Biometry and Informatics, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   Introduction
 
Myelomeningocele (myelodysplasia or spina bifida) refers to a wide range of neural tube defects affecting the spine and spinal cord. These defects result from maldevelopment of the neuropore and the adjacent mesodermal and ectodermal structures during embryogenesis. Myelomeningocele can be classified as either open or closed according to the presence or absence of exposed neural tissue. Myelomeningocele occurs early during embryogenesis, resulting in a certain number of fetuses being spontaneously aborted1. In addition, advances in prenatal screening have led to an increase in the number of therapeutic abortions1-3. Because of the unknown numbers of spontaneous and therapeutic abortions, establishing the true incidence of myelomeningocele is very difficult. Epidemiological studies have revealed that the prevalence of myelomeningocele varies, depending on such factors as ethnicity, race, geography, and temporal trends1. It is estimated that over 4500 pregnancies per year are affected by this malformation in the European Union4, . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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