The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American). 2009;91:76-80.
doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00079
© 2009 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
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Cell Signaling Regulation of Vertebrate Limb Growth and Patterning

Yingzi Yang, PhD1 and Scott H. Kozin, MD2

1 Genetics Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 49, Room 4A68, 49 Convent Drive, MSC 4472, Bethesda, MD 20892-4472. E-mail address: Yingzi@mail.nih.gov
2 Shriners Hospital for Children, 3551 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140-4131. E-mail address: skozin@shrinenet.org

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   Introduction
 
Limb development is a well-coordinated three-dimensional process in which limb-bud outgrowth and patterning along the different axes of development are intimately linked through interactions of the signaling molecules that mediate the function of three key signaling centers. The vertebrate limb develops from a primordial embryonic limb bud, consisting of a homogeneous mesoderm core covered by an ectodermal jacket, and development of the limb bud is an autonomous process controlled by these signaling centers, which are formed through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. The major signaling centers in the limb each direct limb development along one of the three axes: proximodistal (from shoulder to digit tip), anteroposterior (from digit 1, or thumb, to digit 5, or small finger) and dorsoventral (from the dorsum to the palm of the hand) (Table I).


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  		TABLE I Signaling Pathways During Embryogenesis

 
These signaling centers were identified by classic embryological experiments; recent molecular genetic studies in both the mouse . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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