The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American). 2009;91:47-52.
doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00240
© 2009 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
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Molecular Regulation of Limb Growth

Karen Lyons, PhD1 and Marybeth Ezaki, MD2

1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095. E-mail address: klyons@mednet.ucla.edu
2 Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn Street, Dallas, TX 75219. E-mail address: Marybeth.Ezaki@tsrh.org

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   Introduction
 
The ingenious work of Riddle et al.1, Tickle2, and others in manipulating limbs in chick embryos provided the basic understanding of limb development. It was such work that defined the terms as well as the role of the apical ectodermal ridge, the progress zone, and the zone of polarizing activity in patterning early limb development. Embryology has moved beyond the primitive understanding of which structures form when, into the molecular realm of developmental biology and genetics. As the signaling pathways for limb differentiation become well understood at a molecular level, morphological anomalies in limbs are seen as patterning errors and offer clues to the role of both genetic and epigenetic effects.

Investigators now have more sophisticated tools of molecular genetics, such as microarray chips, which can simultaneously search for abnormalities in the expression of thousands of genes, and techniques that can snip and splice as well as amplify . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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