The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American). 2009;91:26-30.
doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00102
© 2009 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
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Upper-Limb Evolution and Development

Mary W. Marzke, PhD1

1 School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402. E-mail address: mary.marzke@asu.edu

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   Introduction
 
The evolution of human forelimb structure is connected with changes in patterns of human behavior. Two complementary approaches—phylogenetic and functional—are used to analyze and understand these connections.

The human forelimb is a mosaic of morphological features that reflect the evolutionary history of locomotor and manipulative behaviors. The phylogenetic approach identifies traits shared with and derived from other species. First, the general sequence of appearance of these features can be traced through a comparative process in which traits shared with other living and fossil species are identified. Some are shared exclusively with the closest relatives of humans, the chimpanzees, indicating their relatively recent appearance, whereas others, for example, the forelimb pattern of the humerus, radius, and ulna, are found among mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and certain fossil fish, indicating that the first appearance of the feature was in a common ancestor approximately 380 million years ago. Second, features unique to humans, termed . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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