The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American). 2007;89:64-71.
doi:10.2106/JBJS.F.00486
© 2007 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
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Formation Errors of the Vertebral Column

Kenro Kusumi, PhD and Peter D. Turnpenny, MBChB

Corresponding author:
Kenro Kusumi, PhD
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501.
E-mail address: kusumi@asu.edu

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   Introduction
 
Congenital vertebral malformations result when the normal induction and formation of the axial skeleton is disrupted during embryonic development1. During early embryonic development, somites, which are transient precursors of the axial skeleton, are formed in a process called somitogenesis2 (Fig. 1). Disruptions in somitogenesis cause vertebral malformations3, including the formation of uneven segments (hemivertebrae and wedge vertebrae), fused segments (block vertebrae), and vertebrae with failure of midline fusion (butterfly vertebrae). Congenital vertebral defects that result from disruption of the induction and formation of the axial skeleton include Klippel-Feil syndrome, spondylocostal dysostosis, Jarcho-Levin syndrome, congenital scoliosis and kyphosis, and a wide range of syndromes and associations (e.g., oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia [Goldenhar syndrome] and the VATER [vertebral defects, anal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia, and radial and renal anomalies] and VACTERL [vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal, and limb abnormalities] associations)4-10. While there is frequently overlap in diagnostic . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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