The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American). 2005;87:71-80.
doi:10.2106/JBJS.E.00440
© 2005 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
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Three-Dimensional Mechanics, Kinematics, and Morphology of the Knee Viewed in Virtual Reality

Donald G. Eckhoff, MD, MS, Joel M. Bach, PHD, Victor M. Spitzer, PHD, Karl D. Reinig, PHD, Michelle M. Bagur, BS, Todd H. Baldini, MS and Nicolas M.P. Flannery, BS

Corresponding author:
Donald G. Eckhoff, MD, MS
Department of Orthopaedics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 6510, Mail Stop F722, 1635 Ursula Street, Aurora, CO 80045-0510. E-mail address: donald.eckhoff@uchsc.edu

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   Introduction
 
The premise of this article, and the scientific exhibit upon which it is based, is that the morphologic shape of the distal aspect of the femur and its relation to the tibia and the patella dictates the kinematics of the knee. The morphologic and kinematic characteristics of the knee presented in earlier exhibits1,2 at the 2001 and 2003 Annual Meetings of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons demonstrated the following relationships. The location and orientation of the femoral sulcus is lateral to the midplane between the femoral condyles and is oriented between the anatomic and mechanical axes of the femur (Figs. 1-A and 1-B). The center of the femur in cross section is offset, medial and anterior, to the center of the tibia, and these offset cross sections are rotated relative to each other in the pathologic knee (Fig. 2). A single, fixed flexion-extension axis of . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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