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Current Concepts Review - The Healing and Regeneration of Articular Cartilage*

SHAWN W. O'DRISCOLL, PH.D., M.D., F.R.C.S.(C), ROCHESTER, MINNESOTA

*No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. No funds were received in support of this study.

	Introduction

 
It is well established that damaged articular cartilage has a very limited potential for healing, and articular defects larger than two to four millimeters in diameter rarely heal even with such advances as the use of continuous passive motion^{26,36,70,98,101,128,130,138,162,163,208}. Damage to articular cartilage is a common problem: in one study, it was associated with 16 percent (twenty-one) of 132 injuries of the knee that were sufficient to cause intra-articular bleeding⁸⁸. Furthermore, damage to a joint surface can lead to premature arthritis¹²⁸. Twyman et al. prospectively followed twenty-two knees in which osteochondritis dissecans had been diagnosed before skeletal maturity; at an average of thirty-four years, 32 percent had radiographic evidence of moderate or severe osteoarthritis²³⁵. Only 50 percent had a good or excellent functional result.

Elderly patients (those who are sixty-five years of age or older) who have an arthritic condition can obtain dramatic relief from pain . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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