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The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 79:138-52 (1997)
© 1997 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Instructional Course Lecture

Instructional Course Lectures, The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons - Tendon Problems in Athletic Individuals*{dagger}

CAROL C. TEITZ, M.D.{ddagger}, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, WILLIAM E. GARRETT, JR., M.D., PH.D.§, DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA, ANTHONY MINIACI, M.D.¶, M. H. LEE, M.D.¶, TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA and ROGER A. MANN, M.D.#, OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA

An Instructional Course Lecture, The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons


   Introduction
 
Tendons attach muscle to bone and transmit the forces generated by muscles across joints to bone in order to achieve movement or stability of the body in space. Even when the muscle-tendon unit is not shortening, it can be performing a useful function when activated under conditions of constant length (isometric) or lengthening (eccentric) contractions. The compliance of tendons varies. Tendons of the digital flexors and extensors are very stiff, and their length changes very little when muscle forces are applied through them. In contrast, the tendons of some muscles, particularly those involved in locomotion and ballistic performance, are more elastic. The Achilles tendon, for example, is stretched in late stance phase as the triceps surae contracts and the ankle dorsiflexes. Near the beginning of plantar flexion, the muscle activation ceases and energy stored in the stretched tendon helps to initiate plantar flexion. Tendons that transmit large loads under eccentric . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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