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The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American) 78:1600-23 (1996)
© 1996 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Instructional Course Lecture

Instructional Course Lectures, The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons - Longitudinal Failure of Upper-Limb Formation*{dagger}

PAUL R. MANSKE, M.D.{ddagger}, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI

An Instructional Course Lecture, The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   Introduction
 
Failure of formation of the structures of the upper extremity presents as longitudinal or transverse deficiencies of the embryonic limb bud. The deficiencies that develop along longitudinal axes are classified as radial, central, or ulnar. Use of the once commonly employed terms pre-axial and post-axial for describing longitudinal deficiencies is discouraged as these terms do not include the concept of central defects.

It is tempting to speculate that these axially oriented failures of formation are the result of teratogenic insults or genetic influences that destroy cells at specific locations on the apical ectodermal ridge or the supporting mesoderm of the embryonic limb bud7. Although this is true for radial deficiencies, which characteristically affect only the structures on the radial border of the forearm and hand, the cause of ulnar and central deficiencies is not as clearly defined. Ulnar deficiency may include dysplasia of the thumb and the radial rays . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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