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The Use of Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement in Fracture Treatment

A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials

¹ Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
² 2450 Riverside Avenue South, R200, Minneapolis, MN 55454
³ Boston University Medical Center, 850 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02118
⁴ 720 Harrison Avenue, Suite 808, Boston, MA 02118. E-mail address: thomas.einhorn{at}bmc.org
⁵ Suite 4873 HI Site QE II HSC, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3A7, Canada
⁶ 240 LaGrange Creek Drive, Eads, TN 38028
⁷ Department of Orthopedics, Uppsala University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
⁸ Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton General Hospital, 6 North Trauma, 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada. E-mail address: bhandam{at}mcmaster.ca

Investigation performed at the Orthopaedic Research Division, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Disclosure: In support of their research for or preparation of this work, one or more of the authors received, in any one year, outside funding or grants in excess of $10,000 from the Osteosynthesis and Trauma Care Foundation (OTCF), formerly known as the Association Internationale pour l' Ostéosynthèse Dynamique (AIOD). In addition, one or more of the authors or a member of his or her immediate family received, in any one year, payments or other benefits in excess of $10,000 or a commitment or agreement to provide such benefits from a commercial entity (Norian, Callos, and ETEX). Also, a commercial entity (ETEX, Cambridge, Massachusetts) paid or directed in any one year, or agreed to pay or direct, benefits of less than $10,000 to a research fund, foundation, division, center, clinical practice, or other charitable or nonprofit organization with which one or more of the authors, or a member of his or her immediate family, is affiliated or associated. One of the authors receives salary support in part, by a Canada Research Chair, McMaster University.

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Methods: Multiple databases, online registers of randomized controlled trials, and the proceedings of the meetings of major national orthopaedic associations were searched. Published and unpublished randomized controlled trials were included, and data on methodological quality, population, intervention, and outcomes were abstracted in duplicate. Data were pooled across studies, and relative risks for categorical outcomes and weighted mean differences for continuous outcomes, weighted according to study sample size, were calculated. Heterogeneity across studies was determined, and sensitivity analyses were conducted.

Results: We identified eleven published and three unpublished randomized controlled trials. Of the fourteen studies, six involved distal radial fractures, two involved femoral neck fractures, two involved intertrochanteric femoral fractures, two involved tibial plateau fractures, one involved calcaneal fractures, and one involved multiple types of metaphyseal fractures. All of the studies evaluated the use of calcium phosphate cement for the treatment of metaphyseal fractures occurring primarily through trabecular, cancellous bone. Autogenous bone graft was used in the control group in three studies, and no graft material was used in the remaining studies. Patients managed with calcium phosphate had a significantly lower prevalence of loss of fracture reduction in comparison with patients managed with autograft (relative risk reduction, 68%; 95% confidence interval, 29% to 86%) and had less pain at the fracture site in comparison with controls managed with no graft (relative risk reduction, 56%; 95% confidence interval, 14% to 77%). We were unable to compare pain at the bone-graft donor site between the studies because of methodological reasons. Three studies independently demonstrated improved functional outcomes when the use of calcium phosphate was compared with the use of no grafting material.

Conclusions: The use of calcium phosphate bone cement for the treatment of fractures in adult patients is associated with a lower prevalence of pain at the fracture site in comparison with the rate in controls (patients managed with no graft material). Loss of fracture reduction is also decreased in comparison with that in patients managed with autogenous bone graft.

Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

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