The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American). 2008;90:2365-2374.
doi:10.2106/JBJS.G.00685
© 2008 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
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 Sports Test 16: Winter 2009 (publication date February 17, 2009; expiration...
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Avulsion of the Proximal Hamstring Origin

David G. Wood, FRACS1, Iain Packham, FRCS(Tr&Orth)1, S. Paul Trikha, FRCS(Tr&Orth)1 and James Linklater, FRANZCR1

1 North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, 286 Pacific Highway, Crows Nest, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia. E-mail address for D.G. Wood: dwood{at}nsosmc.com.au

Investigation performed at the North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, Australia

Disclosure: The authors did not receive any outside funding or grants in support of their research for or preparation of this work. Neither they nor a member of their immediate families received payments or other benefits or a commitment or agreement to provide such benefits from a commercial entity. No commercial entity paid or directed, or agreed to pay or direct, any benefits to any research fund, foundation, division, center, clinical practice, or other charitable or nonprofit organization with which the authors, or a member of their immediate families, are affiliated or associated.

A video supplement to this article will be available from the Video Journal of Orthopaedics. A video clip will be available at the JBJS web site, www.jbjs.org. The Video Journal of Orthopaedics can be contacted at (805) 962-3410, web site: www.vjortho.com.

Background: The torn hamstring is a common athletic injury. The purpose of the present study was to review the clinical presentation of this injury, the diagnostic imaging findings, the surgical technique of reattachment, and the likely clinical outcome of surgery for the treatment of avulsion of the proximal hamstring origin.

Methods: Seventy-two consecutive reconstructions in seventy-one patients with avulsion of the proximal hamstring origin were performed at a single center. The mean age at the time of the operation was 40.2 years. The mean duration of follow-up was twenty-four months, and all patients with a minimum duration of follow-up of six months were included. There were no exclusions. Patients were independently reviewed, and the mean postoperative isotonic hamstring strength was compared with that on the uninjured side.

Results: Waterskiing was the most frequent cause of injury (twenty-one cases). The mean time between the injury and the operation was twelve months. The most common pathological finding was a complete avulsion of the proximal hamstring origin (sixty-three cases; 87.5%), with a mean retraction of 7 cm (range, 0 to 20 cm). The mean postoperative isotonic hamstring strength measured 84% (range, 43% to 122%) and the mean postoperative hamstring endurance measured 89% (range, 26% to 161%) when compared with the values on the contralateral side.

Conclusions: It is important to distinguish proximal hamstring origin avulsions (for which we recommend early surgical repair) from the majority of hamstring muscle injuries (which respond well to nonoperative treatment). The present study suggests that, in cases of complete avulsion with hamstring retraction, a delay in surgical repair renders the repair more technically challenging, may increase the likelihood of sciatic nerve involvement, increases the need for postoperative bracing, and reduces postoperative outcome in terms of hamstring strength and endurance. Once the nature of the injury has been established, the surgical treatment of hamstring origin avulsions has predictable and satisfactory results.

Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.


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