The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American). 2007;89:948-952.
doi:10.2106/JBJS.F.00733
© 2007 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
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Exposure to Direct and Scatter Radiation with Use of Mini-C-Arm Fluoroscopy

Brian D. Giordano, MD1, Steven Ryder, MD1, Judith F. Baumhauer, MD1 and Benedict F. DiGiovanni, MD1

1 Division of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642. E-mail address for J.F. Baumhauer: judy_baumhauer{at}urmc.rochester.edu

Investigation performed at the Division of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York

Disclosure: The authors did not receive any outside funding or grants in support of their research for or preparation of this work. Neither they nor a member of their immediate families received payments or other benefits or a commitment or agreement to provide such benefits from a commercial entity. No commercial entity paid or directed, or agreed to pay or direct, any benefits to any research fund, foundation, division, center, clinical practice, or other charitable or nonprofit organization with which the authors, or a member of their immediate families, are affiliated or associated.

Background: Mini-c-arm fluoroscopy has become an important resource to the orthopaedic surgeon. Exposure of the orthopaedic surgical team to radiation during standard large-c-arm fluoroscopy has been well studied; however, little is known about the amount of exposure to which a surgical team is subjected with the use of mini-c-arm fluoroscopy. Moreover, there is controversy regarding the use of protective measures with mini-c-arm fluoroscopy.

Methods: We evaluated the use of mini-c-arm fluoroscopy during a simulated surgical procedure to quantify the relative radiation doses at various locations in the operative field. A standard calibrated mini-c-arm fluoroscope was used to image a phantom upper extremity with thirteen radiation dosimeters placed at various distances and angulations to detect radiation exposure.

Results: After 155 sequential fluoroscopy exposures, totaling 300.2 seconds of imaging time, only the sensor placed in a direct line with the imaging beam recorded a substantial amount of measurable radiation exposure.

Conclusions: The surgical team is exposed to minimal radiation during routine use of mini-c-arm fluoroscopy, except when they are in the direct path of the radiation beam.


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This article has been cited by other articles:


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B. D. Giordano, J. F. Baumhauer, T. L. Morgan, and G. R. Rechtine II
Patient and Surgeon Radiation Exposure: Comparison of Standard and Mini-C-Arm Fluoroscopy
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Radiat Prot Dosimetry, December 1, 2008; 132(1): 98 - 101.
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Letters to the Editor:

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Mini-C-arm and radiation exposure in theatre
Narlaka Jayasekera, et al.
JBJS Online, 26 Jun 2007 [Full text]
Drs. Baumhauer and Giordano respond to Dr Jayasekera et al.
Judith F. Baumhauer, M.D., et al.
JBJS Online, 25 Jul 2007 [Full text]