The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American). 2005;87:1673-1679.
doi:10.2106/JBJS.D.01842
© 2005 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
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Clinical Outcome at a Minimum of Five Years After Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Kurt P. Spindler, MD1, Todd A. Warren, NP, ATC1, J. Claiborne Callison, Jr., BA1, Michelle Secic, MS2, Sheryl B. Fleisch1 and Rick W. Wright, MD3

1 Vanderbilt Orthopaedic Institute, Medical Center East, South Tower, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232-8774
2 Secic Statistical Consulting, Inc., P.O. Box 745, Chardon, OH 44024-0745
3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, One Barnes-Jewish Hospital Plaza, Suite 11300, West Pavilion, St. Louis, MO 63110. E-mail address: rwwright1{at}aol.com

Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

In support of their research or preparation of this manuscript, one or more of the authors received grants or outside funding from the Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation, Aircast, and the Vanderbilt Sports Medicine Research Fund. None of the authors received payments or other benefits or a commitment or agreement to provide such benefits from a commercial entity. No commercial entity paid or directed, or agreed to pay or direct, any benefits to any research fund, foundation, educational institution, or other charitable or nonprofit organization with which the authors are affiliated or associated.

Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, San Diego, California, July 20-23, 2003.

Background: We are not aware of any previous studies in which independent measurements of function with validated outcome questionnaires such as the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and the International Knee Documentation Committee score were evaluated five years after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. We hypothesized that patient demographics, mechanism of injury, and intra-articular injuries and their treatment are factors associated with function five years after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament.

Methods: A consecutive series of unilateral, arthroscopically assisted primary reconstructions of the anterior cruciate ligament performed by one surgeon using a patellar tendon graft was evaluated. Data on patient demographics, injury variables, and intra-articular lesions noted at the time of surgery were collected prospectively. Multivariable regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of outcomes as measured with five questionnaires.

Results: Sixty-nine percent (217) of 314 knees with a reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament were followed for an average of 5.4 years. The average age at the time of the operation was twenty-seven years. Independent predictors of a worse outcome, which was measured with the overall Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, the International Knee Documentation Committee score, the Lysholm score, and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index score, included the patient's recollection of hearing or feeling a pop at the time of the injury, a weight gain of >15 lb (6.8 kg), and no change in educational level since the surgery. There was a lack of association between the outcome and either the occurrence or the form of treatment of a meniscal tear or chondromalacia of the articular cartilage.

Conclusions: To our knowledge, we performed the first prospective cohort study to evaluate the prognosis following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament by identifying significant associations between multiple variables and clinical outcomes as measured with validated questionnaires. The clinician can counsel patients about the intermediate-term functional outcomes of reconstructions of the anterior cruciate ligament on the basis of these findings. Suggestions regarding weight control and future education may improve intermediate-term outcomes.

Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.


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