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The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American) 83:35 (2001)
© 2001 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

The Effect of Upper-Limb Motion on Lower-Limb Muscle Synchrony

Implications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury

E. J. Cowling, BSc(Hons) and J. R. Steele, PhD

Investigation performed at the Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
E.J. Cowling, BSc(Hons)
J.R. Steele, PhD
Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia. E-mail address for E.J. Cowling: ejc03{at}uow.edu.au E-mail address for J.R. Steele: julie_steele@uow.edu.au
No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. Funds were received in total or partial support of the research or clinical study presented in this article. The funding source was the Sporting Injuries Committee, New South Wales, Australia.

Background: A high prevalence of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament is associated with activities that incorporate both abrupt deceleration and catching a ball. In the present study, we examined whether the upper-limb motion involved in catching a ball affected the synchrony of the lower-limb muscles during tasks known to stress the anterior cruciate ligament-namely, abrupt decelerative landings.

Methods: Seven male and eleven female subjects decelerated abruptly to land in single-limb stance after catching a chest-height pass and after no catching. Ground-reaction force and electromyographic data for six lower-limb muscles were sampled while the subjects' landing technique was filmed. The joint-reaction forces and the sagittal planar net moments for the knee then were calculated to derive the tibiofemoral shear forces. The muscle onsets and peak muscle activities were temporally analyzed with respect to the time of initial foot-ground contact, the peak resultant ground-reaction force, and the peak tibiofemoral shear force.

Results: When catching a pass, the subjects demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) earlier rectus femoris onset relative to the timing of the initial foot-ground contact and of the peak tibiofemoral shear force, and they showed delayed biceps femoris onset relative to the timing of the peak tibiofemoral shear force compared with the findings in the trials without catching.

Conclusions: We concluded that catching a ball during an abrupt landing could increase the potential for an anterior cruciate ligament injury by limiting the time available for the hamstring muscles to generate posterior tibial-drawer force before the onset of the quadriceps-induced anterior tibial translation.

Clinical Relevance: The integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament during landing relies on the proper coordination of the lower-limb muscles, particularly the quadriceps and the hamstrings. The present study demonstrated that motion of the upper-limbs may interfere with recruitment of these muscles, thereby predisposing the anterior cruciate ligament to injury.


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