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The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 82:1603 (2000)
© 2000 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Axial Alignment of the Lower Extremity in Chinese Adults*

W. M. Tang, F.R.C.S.E.{dagger}, Y. H. Zhu, M.D.{dagger} and K. Y. Chiu, F.R.C.S.E.{dagger}

Investigation performed at the Division of Joint Replacement Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
*No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. Funds were received in total or partial support of the research or clinical study presented in this article. The funding source was a research grant from the Committee on Research and Conference Grants, University of Hong Kong.
{dagger}Division of Joint Replacement Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China. E-mail address: wmtanga{at}hkucc.hku.hk (W. M. Tang).

Background: The restoration of normal axial alignment of the lower extremity is important to surgeons who perform reconstructive surgery of the knee. However, data on the normal alignment of the lower extremity in Chinese adults are not available.

Methods: The axial alignment of the lower extremity in twenty-five adult male and twenty-five adult female volunteers of southern Chinese origin was measured on weight-bearing radiographs of the entire lower limb. The mean age was twenty-four years for the male volunteers and twenty-three years for the female volunteers. The results were compared with those of two similar studies of white volunteers in the United States.

Results: The medial inclination of the tibial plateau in the Chinese subjects (mean and standard deviation, 5.4 ± 2.5 degrees for women and 4.9 ± 2.3 degrees for men) was greater than the commonly reported 3 degrees. The extremities of the Chinese women were found to have a mean of 2.2 ± 2.5 degrees of varus alignment, and those of the Chinese men had a mean of 2.2 ± 2.7 degrees of varus alignment.

Conclusions: Compared with the white subjects described in the studies by Moreland et al. and Hsu et al., the Chinese subjects had significantly larger medial inclination of the knee joint (knee-joint obliquity) (p < 0.005) and the female Chinese subjects had significantly more varus alignment of the lower extremity (p < 0.025).

Clinical Relevance: Five degrees of external rotation of the femoral component, instead of the commonly reported 3 degrees, may be required to obtain a rectangular flexion gap in total knee arthroplasty in Chinese patients. The racial difference in the knee-joint obliquity may contribute to the racial difference in the ratio of knee osteoarthritis to hip osteoarthritis. Additional studies are necessary to confirm this relationship.


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