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The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol 75, Issue 8 1193-1205, Copyright © 1993 by Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc
Age-related changes in the tensile properties of cortical bone. The relative importance of changes in porosity, mineralization, and microstructure
RW McCalden, JA McGeough, MB Barker and CM Court-Brown
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Tensile testing to failure was done on 235 cortical specimens that had been
machined from forty-seven femora from human cadavera. The donors had ranged
in age from twenty to 102 years at the time of death. After mechanical
testing, the porosity, mineralization, and microstructure were determined.
Linear regression analysis showed that the mechanical properties
deteriorated markedly with age. Ultimate stress, ultimate strain, and
energy absorption decreased by 5, 9, and 12 per cent per decade,
respectively. The porosity of bone increased significantly with age, while
the mineral content was not affected. Microstructural analysis demonstrated
that the amount of haversian bone increased with age. Both bivariate and
multivariate analyses demonstrated the importance of age-related changes in
porosity to the decline in mechanical properties. Changes in porosity
accounted for 76 per cent of the reduction in strength. Microstructural
changes were highly correlated with porosity and therefore had little
independent effect. Mineral content did not play a major role. Thus, the
quantitative changes in aging bone tissue, rather than the qualitative
changes, influence the mechanical competence of the bone.
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