|
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol 70, Issue 1 88-97, Copyright © 1988 by Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc
Limits of movement in the human knee. Effect of sectioning the posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral structures
ES Grood, SF Stowers and FR Noyes
Noyes-Giannestras Biomechanics Laboratories, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0048.
We applied specific forces and moments to the knees of fifteen whole lower
limbs of cadavera and measured, with a six degrees-of-freedom
electrogoniometer, the position of the tibia at which the ligaments and the
geometry of the joint limited motion. The limits were determined for
anterior and posterior tibial translation, internal and external rotation,
and varus and valgus angulation from zero to 90 degrees of flexion. The
limits were measured in the intact knee and then the changes that occurred
with removal of the posterior cruciate ligament, the lateral collateral
ligament, the popliteus tendon at its femoral attachment, and the arcuate
complex were measured. The cutting order was varied, allowing us to
determine the changes in the limits that occurred when each structure was
cut alone and the amount of motion of the joint that was required for each
structure to become taut and to limit additional motion when the other
supporting structures had been removed. Removal of only the posterior
cruciate ligament increased the limit for posterior tibial translation,
with no change in the limits for tibial rotation or varus and valgus
angulation. The additional posterior translation was least at full
extension and increased progressively, reaching 11.4 millimeters at 90
degrees of flexion. The progressive increase in posterior translation with
flexion was apparently due to slackening of the posterior portion of the
capsule, as the translation nearly doubled when the posterolateral
structures subsequently were removed. Removal of only the posterolateral
extra-articular restraints increased the amount of external rotation and
varus angulation. The average increase in external rotation depended on the
angle of flexion; it was greatest at 30 degrees of flexion and decreased
with additional flexion. At 90 degrees of flexion, the intact posterior
cruciate ligament limited the increase in external rotation to only 5.3
degrees, less than one-half of the 13.0-degree increase that occurred at 30
degrees of flexion. Subsequent removal of the posterior cruciate ligament
markedly increased external rotation at 90 degrees of flexion, resulting in
a total increase of 20.9 degrees. The limit for varus angulation was normal
as long as the lateral collateral ligament was intact. When the lateral
collateral ligament was cut, the limit increased 4.5 degrees (approximately
4.5 millimeters of additional joint opening) when the knee was partially
flexed (to 15 degrees).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 CiteULike  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Facebook  Technorati  Twitter What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
C. A. Wijdicks, C. J. Griffith, S. Johansen, L. Engebretsen, and R. F. LaPrade
Injuries to the Medial Collateral Ligament and Associated Medial Structures of the Knee
J. Bone Joint Surg. Am.,
May 1, 2010;
92(5):
1266 - 1280.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. LaPrade, J. K. Wozniczka, M. P. Stellmaker, and C. A. Wijdicks
Analysis of the Static Function of the Popliteus Tendon and Evaluation of an Anatomic Reconstruction: The "Fifth Ligament" of the Knee
Am. J. Sports Med.,
March 1, 2010;
38(3):
543 - 549.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S H Orakzai, C M Egan, S Eustace, P Kenny, S J O'flanagan, and P Keogh
Correlation of intra-articular osseous measurements with posterior cruciate ligament length on MRI scans
Br. J. Radiol.,
January 1, 2010;
83(985):
23 - 27.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Griffith, R. F. LaPrade, S. Johansen, B. Armitage, C. Wijdicks, and L. Engebretsen
Medial Knee Injury: Part 1, Static Function of the Individual Components of the Main Medial Knee Structures
Am. J. Sports Med.,
September 1, 2009;
37(9):
1762 - 1770.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Tajima, M. Nozaki, T. Iriuchishima, S. J.M. Ingham, W. Shen, P. Smolinski, and F. H. Fu
Morphology of the Tibial Insertion of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament
J. Bone Joint Surg. Am.,
April 1, 2009;
91(4):
859 - 866.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. D. Pietrini, R. F. LaPrade, C. J. Griffith, C. A. Wijdicks, and C. G. Ziegler
Radiographic Identification of the Primary Posterolateral Knee Structures
Am. J. Sports Med.,
March 1, 2009;
37(3):
542 - 551.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. van de Pol, M. P. Arnold, N. Verdonschot, and A. van Kampen
Varus Alignment Leads to Increased Forces in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Am. J. Sports Med.,
March 1, 2009;
37(3):
481 - 487.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. LaPrade, C. Heikes, A. J. Bakker, and R. B. Jakobsen
The Reproducibility and Repeatability of Varus Stress Radiographs in the Assessment of Isolated Fibular Collateral Ligament and Grade-III Posterolateral Knee Injuries. An in Vitro Biomechanical Study
J. Bone Joint Surg. Am.,
October 1, 2008;
90(10):
2069 - 2076.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ranawat, C. L. Baker III, S. Henry, and C. D. Harner
Posterolateral Corner Injury of the Knee: Evaluation and Management
J. Am. Acad. Ortho. Surg.,
September 1, 2008;
16(9):
506 - 518.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R. Whiddon, C. T. Zehms, M. D. Miller, J. S. Quinby, S. L. Montgomery, and J. K. Sekiya
Double Compared with Single-Bundle Open Inlay Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in a Cadaver Model
J. Bone Joint Surg. Am.,
September 1, 2008;
90(9):
1820 - 1829.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. K. Sekiya, D. R. Whiddon, C. T. Zehms, and M. D. Miller
A Clinically Relevant Assessment of Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Posterolateral Corner Injuries. Evaluation of Isolated and Combined Deficiency
J. Bone Joint Surg. Am.,
August 1, 2008;
90(8):
1621 - 1627.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Jackman, R. F. LaPrade, T. Pontinen, and P. A. Lender
Intraobserver and Interobserver Reliability of the Kneeling Technique of Stress Radiography for the Evaluation of Posterior Knee Laxity
Am. J. Sports Med.,
August 1, 2008;
36(8):
1571 - 1576.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. LaPrade, L. Engebretsen, S. Johansen, F. A. Wentorf, and C. Kurtenbach
The Effect of a Proximal Tibial Medial Opening Wedge Osteotomy on Posterolateral Knee Instability: A Biomechanical Study
Am. J. Sports Med.,
May 1, 2008;
36(5):
956 - 960.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. LaPrade, T. V. Ly, and C. Griffith
The External Rotation Recurvatum Test Revisited: Reevaluation of the Sagittal Plane Tibiofemoral Relationship
Am. J. Sports Med.,
April 1, 2008;
36(4):
709 - 712.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. Covey, A. A. Sapega, and R. H. Riffenburgh
The Effects of Sequential Sectioning of Defined Posterior Cruciate Ligament Fiber Regions on Translational Knee Motion
Am. J. Sports Med.,
March 1, 2008;
36(3):
480 - 486.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Petersen, S. Loerch, S. Schanz, M. Raschke, and T. Zantop
The Role of the Posterior Oblique Ligament in Controlling Posterior Tibial Translation in the Posterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knee
Am. J. Sports Med.,
March 1, 2008;
36(3):
495 - 501.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. Lubowitz, B. J. Bernardini, and J. B. Reid III
Current Concepts Review: Comprehensive Physical Examination for Instability of the Knee
Am. J. Sports Med.,
March 1, 2008;
36(3):
577 - 594.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Apsingi, T. Nguyen, A. M. J. Bull, A. Unwin, D. J. Deehan, and A. A. Amis
Control of Laxity in Knees With Combined Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Posterolateral Corner Deficiency: Comparison of Single-Bundle Versus Double-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Combined With Modified Larson Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction
Am. J. Sports Med.,
March 1, 2008;
36(3):
487 - 494.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. V. Lopes Jr., M. Ferretti, W. Shen, M. Ekdahl, P. Smolinski, and F. H. Fu
Topography of the Femoral Attachment of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament
J. Bone Joint Surg. Am.,
February 1, 2008;
90(2):
249 - 255.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Garavaglia, A. Lubbeke, V. Dubois-Ferriere, D. Suva, D. Fritschy, and J. Menetrey
Accuracy of Stress Radiography Techniques in Grading Isolated and Combined Posterior Knee Injuries: A Cadaveric Study
Am. J. Sports Med.,
December 1, 2007;
35(12):
2051 - 2056.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Cuomo, K. R. B. S. Rama, A. M. J. Bull, and A. A. Amis
The Effects of Different Tensioning Strategies on Knee Laxity and Graft Tension After Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Am. J. Sports Med.,
December 1, 2007;
35(12):
2083 - 2090.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. B. Chang, S. C. Seong, S. Lee, J. H. Yoo, Y. K. Park, and M. C. Lee
Novel Methods for Diagnosis and Treatment of Posterolateral Rotatory Instability of the Knee
J. Bone Joint Surg. Am.,
October 1, 2007;
89(suppl_3):
2 - 14.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. R. Coobs, R. F. LaPrade, C. J. Griffith, and B. J. Nelson
Biomechanical Analysis of an Isolated Fibular (Lateral) Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Using an Autogenous Semitendinosus Graft
Am. J. Sports Med.,
September 1, 2007;
35(9):
1521 - 1527.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J Strauss, C. Ishak, C. Inzerillo, M. Walsh, G. Yildirim, P. Walker, L. Jazrawi, J. Rosen, and R. F LaPrade
Effect of tibial positioning on the diagnosis of posterolateral rotatory instability in the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee * COMMENTARY
Br. J. Sports Med.,
August 1, 2007;
41(8):
481 - 485.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Schulz, E. S. Steenlage, K. Russe, and M. J. Strobel
Distribution of Posterior Tibial Displacement in Knees with Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tears
J. Bone Joint Surg. Am.,
February 1, 2007;
89(2):
332 - 338.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Noyes and S. D. Barber-Westin
Posterolateral Knee Reconstruction With an Anatomical Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Reconstruction of the Fibular Collateral Ligament
Am. J. Sports Med.,
February 1, 2007;
35(2):
259 - 273.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Robinson, A. M. J. Bull, R. R. deW. Thomas, and A. A. Amis
The Role of the Medial Collateral Ligament and Posteromedial Capsule in Controlling Knee Laxity
Am. J. Sports Med.,
November 1, 2006;
34(11):
1815 - 1823.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Noyes, S. D. Barber-Westin, and J. C. Albright
An Analysis of the Causes of Failure in 57 Consecutive Posterolateral Operative Procedures
Am. J. Sports Med.,
September 1, 2006;
34(9):
1419 - 1430.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. LaPrade, F. A. Wentorf, E. J. Olson, and C. S. Carlson
An In Vivo Injury Model of Posterolateral Knee Instability
Am. J. Sports Med.,
August 1, 2006;
34(8):
1313 - 1321.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. B. Wiley, M. J. Askew, A. Melby III, and D. A. Noe
Kinematics of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament/Posterolateral Corner-Injured Knee After Reconstruction by Single- and Double-Bundle Intra-articular Grafts
Am. J. Sports Med.,
May 1, 2006;
34(5):
741 - 748.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. J. Ciccone II, D. R. Bratton, D. M. Weinstein, D. L. Walden, and J. J. Elias
Structural Properties of Lateral Collateral Ligament Reconstruction at the Fibular Head
Am. J. Sports Med.,
January 1, 2006;
34(1):
24 - 28.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-M. Brinkman, P. J. A. Schwering, L. Blankevoort, J. G. Koolos, J. Luites, and A. B. Wymenga
The insertion geometry of the posterolateral corner of the knee
J Bone Joint Surg Br,
October 1, 2005;
87-B(10):
1364 - 1368.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. LaPrade, T. S. Bollom, F. A. Wentorf, N. J. Wills, and K. Meister
Mechanical Properties of the Posterolateral Structures of the Knee
Am. J. Sports Med.,
September 1, 2005;
33(9):
1386 - 1391.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Fontbote, T. C. Sell, K. G. Laudner, M. Haemmerle, C. R. Allen, F. Margheritini, S. M. Lephart, and C. D. Harner
Neuromuscular and Biomechanical Adaptations of Patients With Isolated Deficiency of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Am. J. Sports Med.,
July 1, 2005;
33(7):
982 - 989.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Noyes and S. D. Barber-Westin
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Revision Reconstruction, Part 1: Causes of Surgical Failure in 52 Consecutive Operations
Am. J. Sports Med.,
May 1, 2005;
33(5):
646 - 654.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. K. Sekiya, M. J. Haemmerle, K. J. Stabile, T. M. Vogrin, and C. D. Harner
Biomechanical Analysis of a Combined Double-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction
Am. J. Sports Med.,
March 1, 2005;
33(3):
360 - 369.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Logan, A. Williams, J. Lavelle, W. Gedroyc, and M. Freeman
The Effect of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency on Knee Kinematics
Am. J. Sports Med.,
December 1, 2004;
32(8):
1915 - 1922.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. E. DeFrate, T. J. Gill, and G. Li
In Vivo Function of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament During Weightbearing Knee Flexion
Am. J. Sports Med.,
December 1, 2004;
32(8):
1923 - 1928.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. M. Wind Jr, J. A. Bergfeld, and R. D. Parker
Evaluation and Treatment of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Revisited
Am. J. Sports Med.,
October 1, 2004;
32(7):
1765 - 1775.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. LaPrade, A. Tso, and F. A. Wentorf
Force Measurements on the Fibular Collateral Ligament, Popliteofibular Ligament, and Popliteus Tendon to Applied Loads
Am. J. Sports Med.,
October 1, 2004;
32(7):
1695 - 1701.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Rihn, P. S. Cha, Y. J. Groff, and C. D. Harner
The Acutely Dislocated Knee: Evaluation and Management
J. Am. Acad. Ortho. Surg.,
September 1, 2004;
12(5):
334 - 346.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. LaPrade, S. Johansen, F. A. Wentorf, L. Engebretsen, J. L. Esterberg, and A. Tso
An Analysis of an Anatomical Posterolateral Knee Reconstruction: An In Vitro Biomechanical Study and Development of a Surgical Technique
Am. J. Sports Med.,
September 1, 2004;
32(6):
1405 - 1414.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Li, L. E. DeFrate, H. Sun, and T. J. Gill
In Vivo Elongation of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Posterior Cruciate Ligament During Knee Flexion
Am. J. Sports Med.,
September 1, 2004;
32(6):
1415 - 1420.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Park, B. D. Stamos, L. E. DeFrate, T. J. Gill, and G. Li
The Effect of Posterior Knee Capsulotomy on Posterior Tibial Translation During Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tibial Inlay Reconstruction
Am. J. Sports Med.,
September 1, 2004;
32(6):
1514 - 1519.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Cooper and D. Stewart
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Single-Bundle Patella Tendon Graft With Tibial Inlay Fixation: 2- to 10-Year Follow-up
Am. J. Sports Med.,
March 1, 2004;
32(2):
346 - 360.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Gill, L. E. DeFrate, C. Wang, C. T. Carey, S. Zayontz, B. Zarins, and G. Li
The Effect of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction on Patellofemoral Contact Pressures in the Knee Joint Under Simulated Muscle Loads
Am. J. Sports Med.,
January 1, 2004;
32(1):
109 - 115.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. LaPrade, T. V. Ly, F. A. Wentorf, and L. Engebretsen
The Posterolateral Attachments of the Knee: A Qualitative and Quantitative Morphologic Analysis of the Fibular Collateral Ligament, Popliteus Tendon, Popliteofibular Ligament, and Lateral Gastrocnemius Tendon
Am. J. Sports Med.,
November 1, 2003;
31(6):
854 - 860.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Gill, L. E. DeFrate, C. Wang, C. T. Carey, S. Zayontz, B. Zarins, and G. Li
The Biomechanical Effect of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction on Knee Joint Function: Kinematic Response to Simulated Muscle Loads
Am. J. Sports Med.,
July 1, 2003;
31(4):
530 - 536.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. LaPrade, C. Muench, F. Wentorf, and J. L. Lewis
The Effect of Injury to the Posterolateral Structures of the Knee on Force in a Posterior Cruciate Ligament Graft: A Biomechanical Study
Am. J. Sports Med.,
March 1, 2002;
30(2):
233 - 238.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Bergfeld, D. R. McAllister, R. D. Parker, A. D. C. Valdevit, and H. Kambic
The Effects of Tibial Rotation on Posterior Translation in Knees in Which the Posterior Cruciate Ligament Has Been Cut
J. Bone Joint Surg. Am.,
September 1, 2001;
83(9):
1339 - 1343.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Sugita and A. A. Amis
Anatomic and Biomechanical Study of the Lateral Collateral and Popliteofibular Ligaments
Am. J. Sports Med.,
July 1, 2001;
29(4):
466 - 472.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Assal, D. Fritschy, R. Stern, and R. P. Jakob
The Axial View to Measure Posterior Laxity of the Knee: A Mathematical Analysis
Am. J. Sports Med.,
May 1, 2001;
29(3):
284 - 287.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. Covey
Injuries of the Posterolateral Corner of the Knee
J. Bone Joint Surg. Am.,
January 1, 2001;
83(1):
106 - 106.
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Mannor, J. T. Shearn, E. S. Grood, F. R. Noyes, and M. S. Levy
Two-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: An In Vitro Analysis of Graft Placement and Tension
Am. J. Sports Med.,
November 1, 2000;
28(6):
833 - 845.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. R. Meister, S. P. Michael, R. A. Moyer, J. D. Kelly, and C. D. Schneck
Anatomy and Kinematics of the Lateral Collateral Ligament of the Knee
Am. J. Sports Med.,
November 1, 2000;
28(6):
869 - 878.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Noyes, S. D. Barber-Westin, and T. E. Hewett
High Tibial Osteotomy and Ligament Reconstruction for Varus Angulated Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knees
Am. J. Sports Med.,
May 1, 2000;
28(3):
282 - 296.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. S. Chen, A. S. Rokito, and M. I. Pitman
Acute and Chronic Posterolateral Rotatory Instability of the Knee
J. Am. Acad. Ortho. Surg.,
March 1, 2000;
8(2):
97 - 110.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. D. Harner, T. M. Vogrin, J. Hoher, C. B. Ma, and S. L-Y. Woo
Biomechanical Analysis of a Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Deficiency of the Posterolateral Structures as a Cause of Graft Failure
Am. J. Sports Med.,
January 1, 2000;
28(1):
32 - 39.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. E. Nordt III, P. Lotfi, E. Plotkin, and B. Williamson
The In Vivo Assessment of Tibial Motion in the Transverse Plane in Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Reconstructed Knees
Am. J. Sports Med.,
September 1, 1999;
27(5):
611 - 616.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Cooper
Snapping Popliteus Tendon Syndrome: A Cause of Mechanical Knee Popping in Athletes
Am. J. Sports Med.,
September 1, 1999;
27(5):
671 - 674.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. LaPrade, S. Resig, F. Wentorf, and J. L. Lewis
The Effects of Grade III Posterolateral Knee Complex Injuries on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Force: A Biomechanical Analysis
Am. J. Sports Med.,
July 1, 1999;
27(4):
469 - 475.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. A. Latimer, J. E. Tibone, N. S. ElAttrache, and P. J. McMahon
Reconstruction of the Lateral Collateral Ligament of the Knee With Patellar Tendon Allograft: Report of a New Technique in Combined Ligament Injuries
Am. J. Sports Med.,
September 1, 1998;
26(5):
656 - 662.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. D. Harner, J. Hoher, T. M. Vogrin, G. J. Carlin, and S. L-Y. Woo
The Effects of a Popliteus Muscle Load on In Situ Forces in the Posterior Cruciate Ligament and on Knee Kinematics: A Human Cadaveric Study
Am. J. Sports Med.,
September 1, 1998;
26(5):
669 - 673.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Ritchie, J. A. Bergfeld, H. Kambic, and T. Manning
Isolated Sectioning of the Medial and Posteromedial Capsular Ligaments in the Posterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knee: Influence on Posterior Tibial Translation
Am. J. Sports Med.,
May 1, 1998;
26(3):
389 - 394.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Fox, C. D. Harner, M. Sakane, G. J. Carlin, and S. L.-Y. Woo
Determination of the In Situ Forces in the Human Posterior Cruciate Ligament Using Robotic Technology: A Cadaveric Study
Am. J. Sports Med.,
May 1, 1998;
26(3):
395 - 401.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. D. Harner and J. Hoher
Evaluation and Treatment of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Am. J. Sports Med.,
May 1, 1998;
26(3):
471 - 482.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Eakin and W. D. Cannon Jr
Arthrometric Evaluation of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Am. J. Sports Med.,
January 1, 1998;
26(1):
96 - 102.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Kaneda, H. Moriya, K. Takahashi, Y. Shimada, and T. Tamaki
Experimental Study on External Tibial Rotation of the Knee
Am. J. Sports Med.,
December 1, 1997;
25(6):
796 - 800.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. LaPrade and G. C. Terry
Injuries to the Posterolateral Aspect of the Knee: Association of Anatomic Injury Patterns with Clinical Instability
Am. J. Sports Med.,
July 1, 1997;
25(4):
433 - 438.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Noyes and S. D. Barber-Westin
Surgical Restoration to Treat Chronic Deficiency of the Posterolateral Complex and Cruciate Ligaments of the Knee Joint
Am. J. Sports Med.,
July 1, 1996;
24(4):
415 - 426.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Veltri, Xiang-Hua Deng, P. A. Torzilli, M. J. Maynard, and R. F. Warren
The Role of the Popliteofibular Ligament in Stability of the Human Knee: A Biomechanical Study
Am. J. Sports Med.,
January 1, 1996;
24(1):
19 - 27.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Noyes, L. A. Dunworth, T. P. Andriacchi, M. Andrews, and T. E. Hewett
Knee Hyperextension Galt Abnormalities in Unstable Knees: Recognition and Preoperative Gait Retraining
Am. J. Sports Med.,
January 1, 1996;
24(1):
35 - 45.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. D. Harner, J. W. Xerogeanes, G. A. Livesay, G. J. Carlin, B. A. Smith, T. Kusayama, S. Kashiwaguchi, and S. L.-Y. Woo
The Human Posterior Cruciate Ligament Complex: An Interdisciplinary Study: Ligament Morphology and Biomechanical Evaluation
Am. J. Sports Med.,
December 1, 1995;
23(6):
736 - 745.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. C. Burns II, L. F. Draganich, M. Pyevich, and B. Reider
The Effect of Femoral Tunnel Position and Graft Tensioning Technique on Posterior Laxity of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament-Reconstructed Knee
Am. J. Sports Med.,
July 1, 1995;
23(4):
424 - 430.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Veltri, X.-H. Deng, P. A. Torzilli, R. F. Warren, and M. J. Maynard
The Role of the Cruciate and Posterolateral Ligaments in Stability of the Knee: A Biomechanical Study
Am. J. Sports Med.,
July 1, 1995;
23(4):
436 - 443.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Noyes and S. D. Barber-Westin
Surgical Reconstruction of Severe Chronic Posterolateral Complex Injuries of the Knee Using Allograft Tissues
Am. J. Sports Med.,
January 1, 1995;
23(1):
2 - 12.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. R. Bach JR, G. T. Jones, F. A. Sweet, and C. A. Hager
Arthroscopy-assisted Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Patellar Tendon Substitution: Two- to Four-year Follow-up Results
Am. J. Sports Med.,
December 1, 1994;
22(6):
758 - 767.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Haimes, R. R. Wroble, E. S. Grood, and F. R. Noyes
Role of the Medial Structures in the intact and Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knee: Limits of Motion in the Human Knee
Am. J. Sports Med.,
June 1, 1994;
22(3):
402 - 409.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. Wascher, J. D. Grauer, and K. L. Markoff
Biceps tendon tenodesis for posterolateral instability of the knee: An in vitro study
Am. J. Sports Med.,
June 1, 1993;
21(3):
400 - 406.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Noyes, S. F. Stowers, E. S. Grood, J. Cummings, and L. A. VanGinkel
Posterior subluxations of the medial and lateral tibiofemoral compartments: An in vitro ligament sectioning study in cadaveric knees
Am. J. Sports Med.,
June 1, 1993;
21(3):
407 - 414.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. R. Wroble, E. S. Grood, J. S. Cummings, J. M. Henderson, and F. R. Noyes
The role of the lateral extraarticular restraints in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee
Am. J. Sports Med.,
March 1, 1993;
21(2):
257 - 263.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Noyes, S. D. Barber, and R. Simon
High tibial osteotomy and ligament reconstruction in varus angulated, anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees: A two- to seven-year follow-up study
Am. J. Sports Med.,
January 1, 1993;
21(1):
2 - 12.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Noyes, O. D. Schipplein, T. P. Andriacchi, S. R. Saddemi, and M. Weise
The anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee with varus alignment: An analysis of gait adaptations and dynamic joint loadings
Am. J. Sports Med.,
December 1, 1992;
20(6):
707 - 716.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Gross, J. S. Grover, L. W. Bassett, L. L. Seeger, and G. A.M. Finerman
Magnetic resonance imaging of the posterior cruciate ligament: Clinical use to improve diagnostic accuracy
Am. J. Sports Med.,
December 1, 1992;
20(6):
732 - 737.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L.-Y. Woo, J. M. Hollis, D. J. Adams, R. M. Lyon, and S. Takai
Tensile properties of the human femur-anterior cruciate ligament-tibia complex: The effects of specimen age and orientation
Am. J. Sports Med.,
June 1, 1991;
19(3):
217 - 225.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Daniel
Assessing the limits of knee motion
Am. J. Sports Med.,
March 1, 1991;
19(2):
139 - 147.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Noyes, J. F. Cummings, E. S. Grood, K. A. Walz-Hasselfeld, and R. R. Wroble
The diagnosis of knee motion limits, subluxations, and ligament injury
Am. J. Sports Med.,
March 1, 1991;
19(2):
163 - 171.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Jonsson, J. Karrholm, and L.-G. Elmqvist
Kinematics of active knee extension after tear of the anterior cruciate ligament
Am. J. Sports Med.,
December 1, 1989;
17(6):
796 - 802.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Hefzy, E. S. Grood, and F. R. Noyes
Factors affecting the region of most isometric femoral attachments: Part II: The anterior cruciate ligament
Am. J. Sports Med.,
March 1, 1989;
17(2):
208 - 216.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
