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The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol 58, Issue 2 195-201, Copyright © 1976 by Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc
Normal and abnormal motion of the shoulder
NK Poppen and PS Walker
The roentgenographic parameters of motion in normal and abnormal shoulders,
including the movement of the scapula, arm angle, glenohumeral angle,
scapulothoracic angle, excursion of the humeral head, and instant center of
motion for abduction in the plane of the scapula, were determined in twelve
normal subjects and fifteen patients. The scapula rotated externally with
abduction. The ratio of glenohumeral to scapulothoracic movement was 5:4
after about 30 degrees of abduction. The center of rotation of the
glenohumeral joint for abduction in the plane of the scapula was located
within six millimeters of the geometric center of the humeral ball. The
average excursion of the humeral ball on the face of the glenoid in the
superoinferior plane between each 30-degree arc of motion was less than 1.5
millimeters in normal subjects. Significant previous injury resulting in
abnormal mechanics of the shoulder joint was associated with abnormal
values for excursion of the instant center and of the humeral head. An
abnormal glenohumeral-to-scapulothoracic ratio was associated with
significant pain in the shoulder. The fact that these various parameters
were sensitive indicators of normal and abnormal motion raises the
possibility of diagnostic clinical application.
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