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Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 1973;55:1685-1697.
© 1973 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc

A History of the Treatment of Non-Union of Fractures in the 19th Century, in the United States

ROBERT R. CRAWFORD M.D.1

1 90 West Second Street, Mansfield, Ohio 44902

During the 19th century the treatment of non-union of fractures in the United States progressed from the insertion of a seton (first performed in 1802) and either externally or internally applied caustics or other irritants designed to stimulate the formation of callus, to the modern treatment using bone grafts at the end of the century. Successful ambulatory treatment wearing a brace or "artificial limb"—the forerunner of the cast-brace—was described in 1855.


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